diff --git a/astrbot/core/agent/agent.py b/astrbot/core/agent/agent.py
index 70536ca88..061ffde09 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/agent/agent.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/agent/agent.py
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
 class Agent(Generic[TContext]):
     name: str
     instructions: str | None = None
-    tools: list[str, FunctionTool] | None = None
+    tools: list[str | FunctionTool] | None = None
     run_hooks: BaseAgentRunHooks[TContext] | None = None
diff --git a/astrbot/core/agent/mcp_client.py b/astrbot/core/agent/mcp_client.py
index f22a222a0..c2ed246b0 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/agent/mcp_client.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/agent/mcp_client.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.session: Optional[mcp.ClientSession] = None
         self.exit_stack = AsyncExitStack()
 
-        self.name = None
+        self.name: str | None = None
         self.active: bool = True
         self.tools: list[mcp.Tool] = []
         self.server_errlogs: list[str] = []
@@ -198,6 +198,8 @@ def callback(msg: str):
 
     async def list_tools_and_save(self) -> mcp.ListToolsResult:
         """List all tools from the server and save them to self.tools"""
+        if not self.session:
+            raise Exception("MCP Client is not initialized")
         response = await self.session.list_tools()
         self.tools = response.tools
         return response
diff --git a/astrbot/core/agent/tool.py b/astrbot/core/agent/tool.py
index 743deae1f..ae0ab761c 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/agent/tool.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/agent/tool.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from deprecated import deprecated
-from typing import Awaitable, Literal, Any, Optional
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable, Literal, Any, Optional
 from .mcp_client import MCPClient
 
 
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 class FunctionTool:
     """A class representing a function tool that can be used in function calling."""
 
-    name: str | None = None
+    name: str
     parameters: dict | None = None
     description: str | None = None
-    handler: Awaitable | None = None
+    handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]] | None = None
     """处理函数, 当 origin 为 mcp 时，这个为空"""
     handler_module_path: str | None = None
     """处理函数的模块路径，当 origin 为 mcp 时，这个为空
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ToolSet:
     This class provides methods to add, remove, and retrieve tools, as well as
     convert the tools to different API formats (OpenAI, Anthropic, Google GenAI)."""
 
-    def __init__(self, tools: list[FunctionTool] = None):
+    def __init__(self, tools: list[FunctionTool] | None = None):
         self.tools: list[FunctionTool] = tools or []
 
     def empty(self) -> bool:
@@ -79,7 +79,13 @@ def get_tool(self, name: str) -> Optional[FunctionTool]:
         return None
 
     @deprecated(reason="Use add_tool() instead", version="4.0.0")
-    def add_func(self, name: str, func_args: list, desc: str, handler: Awaitable):
+    def add_func(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        func_args: list,
+        desc: str,
+        handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
+    ):
         """Add a function tool to the set."""
         params = {
             "type": "object",  # hard-coded here
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ def remove_func(self, name: str):
         self.remove_tool(name)
 
     @deprecated(reason="Use get_tool() instead", version="4.0.0")
-    def get_func(self, name: str) -> list[FunctionTool]:
+    def get_func(self, name: str) -> FunctionTool | None:
         """Get all function tools."""
         return self.get_tool(name)
 
@@ -125,7 +131,11 @@ def openai_schema(self, omit_empty_parameter_field: bool = False) -> list[dict]:
                 },
             }
 
-            if tool.parameters.get("properties") or not omit_empty_parameter_field:
+            if (
+                tool.parameters
+                and tool.parameters.get("properties")
+                or not omit_empty_parameter_field
+            ):
                 func_def["function"]["parameters"] = tool.parameters
 
             result.append(func_def)
@@ -135,14 +145,14 @@ def anthropic_schema(self) -> list[dict]:
         """Convert tools to Anthropic API format."""
         result = []
         for tool in self.tools:
+            input_schema = {"type": "object"}
+            if tool.parameters:
+                input_schema["properties"] = tool.parameters.get("properties", {})
+                input_schema["required"] = tool.parameters.get("required", [])
             tool_def = {
                 "name": tool.name,
                 "description": tool.description,
-                "input_schema": {
-                    "type": "object",
-                    "properties": tool.parameters.get("properties", {}),
-                    "required": tool.parameters.get("required", []),
-                },
+                "input_schema": input_schema,
             }
             result.append(tool_def)
         return result
@@ -210,14 +220,15 @@ def convert_schema(schema: dict) -> dict:
 
             return result
 
-        tools = [
-            {
+        tools = []
+        for tool in self.tools:
+            d = {
                 "name": tool.name,
                 "description": tool.description,
-                "parameters": convert_schema(tool.parameters),
             }
-            for tool in self.tools
-        ]
+            if tool.parameters:
+                d["parameters"] = convert_schema(tool.parameters)
+            tools.append(d)
 
         declarations = {}
         if tools:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/stage.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/stage.py
index bafef1b05..e6ecd995c 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/stage.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/stage.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ async def initialize(self, ctx: PipelineContext):
         self.strategy_selector = StrategySelector(config)
 
     async def process(
-        self, event: AstrMessageEvent, check_text: str = None
+        self, event: AstrMessageEvent, check_text: str | None = None
     ) -> Union[None, AsyncGenerator[None, None]]:
         """检查内容安全"""
         text = check_text if check_text else event.get_message_str()
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/baidu_aip.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/baidu_aip.py
index 73296b90e..26284e1a1 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/baidu_aip.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/baidu_aip.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def __init__(self, appid: str, ak: str, sk: str) -> None:
         self.secret_key = sk
         self.client = AipContentCensor(self.app_id, self.api_key, self.secret_key)
 
-    def check(self, content: str):
+    def check(self, content: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
         res = self.client.textCensorUserDefined(content)
         if "conclusionType" not in res:
             return False, ""
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/keywords.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/keywords.py
index de5b9c456..c65faa000 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/keywords.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/content_safety_check/strategies/keywords.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def __init__(self, extra_keywords: list) -> None:
         #             json.loads(base64.b64decode(f.read()).decode("utf-8"))["keywords"]
         #         )
 
-    def check(self, content: str) -> bool:
+    def check(self, content: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
         for keyword in self.keywords:
             if re.search(keyword, content):
                 return False, "内容安全检查不通过，匹配到敏感词。"
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/context_utils.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/context_utils.py
index 27b47cbe3..325abcf86 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/context_utils.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/context_utils.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 async def call_handler(
     event: AstrMessageEvent,
-    handler: T.Awaitable,
+    handler: T.Callable[..., T.Awaitable[T.Any]],
     *args,
     **kwargs,
 ) -> T.AsyncGenerator[T.Any, None]:
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ async def call_handler(
     except TypeError:
         logger.error("处理函数参数不匹配，请检查 handler 的定义。", exc_info=True)
 
+    if not ready_to_call:
+        return
+
     if inspect.isasyncgen(ready_to_call):
         _has_yielded = False
         try:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/llm_request.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/llm_request.py
index 6035b21e9..c4b8a7c28 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/llm_request.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/llm_request.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import json
 import traceback
 from typing import AsyncGenerator, Union
+from astrbot.core.conversation_mgr import Conversation
 from astrbot.core import logger
 from astrbot.core.message.components import Image
 from astrbot.core.message.message_event_result import (
@@ -133,6 +134,15 @@ async def _execute_handoff(
 
         if agent_runner.done():
             llm_response = agent_runner.get_final_llm_resp()
+
+            if not llm_response:
+                text_content = mcp.types.TextContent(
+                    type="text",
+                    text=f"error when deligate task to {tool.agent.name}",
+                )
+                yield mcp.types.CallToolResult(content=[text_content])
+                return
+
             logger.debug(
                 f"Agent  {tool.agent.name} 任务完成, response: {llm_response.completion_text}"
             )
@@ -148,7 +158,7 @@ async def _execute_handoff(
             )
             yield mcp.types.CallToolResult(content=[text_content])
         else:
-            yield mcp.types.TextContent(
+            text_content = mcp.types.TextContent(
                 type="text",
                 text=f"error when deligate task to {tool.agent.name}",
             )
@@ -200,7 +210,11 @@ async def _execute_mcp(
     ):
         if not tool.mcp_client:
             raise ValueError("MCP client is not available for MCP function tools.")
-        res = await tool.mcp_client.session.call_tool(
+
+        session = tool.mcp_client.session
+        if not session:
+            raise ValueError("MCP session is not available for MCP function tools.")
+        res = await session.call_tool(
             name=tool.name,
             arguments=tool_args,
         )
@@ -325,7 +339,7 @@ def _select_provider(self, event: AstrMessageEvent) -> Provider | None:
 
         return _ctx.get_using_provider(umo=event.unified_msg_origin)
 
-    async def _get_session_conv(self, event: AstrMessageEvent):
+    async def _get_session_conv(self, event: AstrMessageEvent) -> Conversation:
         umo = event.unified_msg_origin
         conv_mgr = self.conv_manager
 
@@ -337,6 +351,8 @@ async def _get_session_conv(self, event: AstrMessageEvent):
         if not conversation:
             cid = await conv_mgr.new_conversation(umo, event.get_platform_id())
             conversation = await conv_mgr.get_conversation(umo, cid)
+        if not conversation:
+            raise RuntimeError("无法创建新的对话。")
         return conversation
 
     async def process(
@@ -444,7 +460,10 @@ async def process(
         if event.plugins_name is not None and req.func_tool:
             new_tool_set = ToolSet()
             for tool in req.func_tool.tools:
-                plugin = star_map.get(tool.handler_module_path)
+                mp = tool.handler_module_path
+                if not mp:
+                    continue
+                plugin = star_map.get(mp)
                 if not plugin:
                     continue
                 if plugin.name in event.plugins_name or plugin.reserved:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/star_request.py b/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/star_request.py
index c5c0f5738..42990aae5 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/star_request.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/pipeline/process_stage/method/star_request.py
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ async def process(
 
         for handler in activated_handlers:
             params = handlers_parsed_params.get(handler.handler_full_name, {})
-            try:
-                if handler.handler_module_path not in star_map:
-                    continue
-                logger.debug(
-                    f"plugin -> {star_map.get(handler.handler_module_path).name} - {handler.handler_name}"
+            md = star_map.get(handler.handler_module_path)
+            if not md:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Cannot find plugin for given handler module path: {handler.handler_module_path}"
                 )
+                continue
+            logger.debug(f"plugin -> {md.name} - {handler.handler_name}")
+            try:
                 wrapper = call_handler(event, handler.handler, **params)
                 async for ret in wrapper:
                     yield ret
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ async def process(
                 logger.error(f"Star {handler.handler_full_name} handle error: {e}")
 
                 if event.is_at_or_wake_command:
-                    ret = f":(\n\n在调用插件 {star_map.get(handler.handler_module_path).name} 的处理函数 {handler.handler_name} 时出现异常：{e}"
+                    ret = f":(\n\n在调用插件 {md.name} 的处理函数 {handler.handler_name} 时出现异常：{e}"
                     event.set_result(MessageEventResult().message(ret))
                     yield
                     event.clear_result()
diff --git a/astrbot/core/provider/entities.py b/astrbot/core/provider/entities.py
index 8ece29a2b..85687c417 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/provider/entities.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/provider/entities.py
@@ -65,13 +65,16 @@ class AssistantMessageSegment:
     role: str = "assistant"
 
     def to_dict(self):
-        ret = {
+        ret: dict[str, str | list[dict]] = {
             "role": self.role,
         }
         if self.content:
             ret["content"] = self.content
         if self.tool_calls:
-            ret["tool_calls"] = self.tool_calls
+            tool_calls_dict = [
+                tc if isinstance(tc, dict) else tc.to_dict() for tc in self.tool_calls
+            ]
+            ret["tool_calls"] = tool_calls_dict
         return ret
 
 
@@ -117,7 +120,14 @@ class ProviderRequest:
     """模型名称，为 None 时使用提供商的默认模型"""
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f"ProviderRequest(prompt={self.prompt}, session_id={self.session_id}, image_urls={self.image_urls}, func_tool={self.func_tool}, contexts={self._print_friendly_context()}, system_prompt={self.system_prompt.strip()}, tool_calls_result={self.tool_calls_result})"
+        return (
+            f"ProviderRequest(prompt={self.prompt}, session_id={self.session_id}, "
+            f"image_count={len(self.image_urls or [])}, "
+            f"func_tool={self.func_tool}, "
+            f"contexts={self._print_friendly_context()}, "
+            f"system_prompt={self.system_prompt}, "
+            f"conversation_id={self.conversation.cid if self.conversation else 'N/A'}, "
+        )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.__repr__()
diff --git a/astrbot/core/provider/func_tool_manager.py b/astrbot/core/provider/func_tool_manager.py
index 509975556..51cde0eb9 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/provider/func_tool_manager.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/provider/func_tool_manager.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import asyncio
 import aiohttp
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Awaitable
+from typing import Dict, List, Awaitable, Callable, Any
 from astrbot import logger
 from astrbot.core import sp
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def spec_to_func(
         name: str,
         func_args: list,
         desc: str,
-        handler: Awaitable,
+        handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
     ) -> FuncTool:
         params = {
             "type": "object",  # hard-coded here
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def add_func(
         name: str,
         func_args: list,
         desc: str,
-        handler: Awaitable,
+        handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
     ) -> None:
         """添加函数调用工具
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ async def _init_mcp_client_task_wrapper(
         name: str,
         cfg: dict,
         event: asyncio.Event,
-        ready_future: asyncio.Future = None,
+        ready_future: asyncio.Future | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """初始化 MCP 客户端的包装函数，用于捕获异常"""
         try:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/provider/manager.py b/astrbot/core/provider/manager.py
index 3b50e4976..4b9204a68 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/provider/manager.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/provider/manager.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def __init__(
         """加载的 Text To Speech Provider 的实例"""
         self.embedding_provider_insts: List[EmbeddingProvider] = []
         """加载的 Embedding Provider 的实例"""
-        self.inst_map: dict[str, Provider] = {}
+        self.inst_map: dict[str, Provider | STTProvider | TTSProvider] = {}
         """Provider 实例映射. key: provider_id, value: Provider 实例"""
         self.llm_tools = llm_tools
 
@@ -87,19 +87,31 @@ async def set_provider(
             )
             return
         # 不启用提供商会话隔离模式的情况
-        self.curr_provider_inst = self.inst_map[provider_id]
-        if provider_type == ProviderType.TEXT_TO_SPEECH:
+
+        prov = self.inst_map[provider_id]
+        if provider_type == ProviderType.TEXT_TO_SPEECH and isinstance(
+            prov, TTSProvider
+        ):
+            self.curr_tts_provider_inst = prov
             sp.put("curr_provider_tts", provider_id, scope="global", scope_id="global")
-        elif provider_type == ProviderType.SPEECH_TO_TEXT:
+        elif provider_type == ProviderType.SPEECH_TO_TEXT and isinstance(
+            prov, STTProvider
+        ):
+            self.curr_stt_provider_inst = prov
             sp.put("curr_provider_stt", provider_id, scope="global", scope_id="global")
-        elif provider_type == ProviderType.CHAT_COMPLETION:
+        elif provider_type == ProviderType.CHAT_COMPLETION and isinstance(
+            prov, Provider
+        ):
+            self.curr_provider_inst = prov
             sp.put("curr_provider", provider_id, scope="global", scope_id="global")
 
     async def get_provider_by_id(self, provider_id: str) -> Provider | None:
         """根据提供商 ID 获取提供商实例"""
         return self.inst_map.get(provider_id)
 
-    def get_using_provider(self, provider_type: ProviderType, umo=None):
+    def get_using_provider(
+        self, provider_type: ProviderType, umo=None
+    ) -> Provider | STTProvider | TTSProvider | None:
         """获取正在使用的提供商实例。
 
         Args:
@@ -303,12 +315,14 @@ async def load_provider(self, provider_config: dict):
         provider_metadata = provider_cls_map[provider_config["type"]]
         try:
             # 按任务实例化提供商
+            cls_type = provider_metadata.cls_type
+            if not cls_type:
+                logger.error(f"无法找到 {provider_metadata.type} 的类")
+                return
 
             if provider_metadata.provider_type == ProviderType.SPEECH_TO_TEXT:
                 # STT 任务
-                inst = provider_metadata.cls_type(
-                    provider_config, self.provider_settings
-                )
+                inst = cls_type(provider_config, self.provider_settings)
 
                 if getattr(inst, "initialize", None):
                     await inst.initialize()
@@ -327,9 +341,7 @@ async def load_provider(self, provider_config: dict):
 
             elif provider_metadata.provider_type == ProviderType.TEXT_TO_SPEECH:
                 # TTS 任务
-                inst = provider_metadata.cls_type(
-                    provider_config, self.provider_settings
-                )
+                inst = cls_type(provider_config, self.provider_settings)
 
                 if getattr(inst, "initialize", None):
                     await inst.initialize()
@@ -345,7 +357,7 @@ async def load_provider(self, provider_config: dict):
 
             elif provider_metadata.provider_type == ProviderType.CHAT_COMPLETION:
                 # 文本生成任务
-                inst = provider_metadata.cls_type(
+                inst = cls_type(
                     provider_config,
                     self.provider_settings,
                     self.selected_default_persona,
@@ -370,9 +382,7 @@ async def load_provider(self, provider_config: dict):
                 ProviderType.EMBEDDING,
                 ProviderType.RERANK,
             ]:
-                inst = provider_metadata.cls_type(
-                    provider_config, self.provider_settings
-                )
+                inst = cls_type(provider_config, self.provider_settings)
                 if getattr(inst, "initialize", None):
                     await inst.initialize()
                 self.embedding_provider_insts.append(inst)
@@ -430,11 +440,17 @@ async def terminate_provider(self, provider_id: str):
             )
 
             if self.inst_map[provider_id] in self.provider_insts:
-                self.provider_insts.remove(self.inst_map[provider_id])
+                prov_inst = self.inst_map[provider_id]
+                if isinstance(prov_inst, Provider):
+                    self.provider_insts.remove(prov_inst)
             if self.inst_map[provider_id] in self.stt_provider_insts:
-                self.stt_provider_insts.remove(self.inst_map[provider_id])
+                prov_inst = self.inst_map[provider_id]
+                if isinstance(prov_inst, STTProvider):
+                    self.stt_provider_insts.remove(prov_inst)
             if self.inst_map[provider_id] in self.tts_provider_insts:
-                self.tts_provider_insts.remove(self.inst_map[provider_id])
+                prov_inst = self.inst_map[provider_id]
+                if isinstance(prov_inst, TTSProvider):
+                    self.tts_provider_insts.remove(prov_inst)
 
             if self.inst_map[provider_id] == self.curr_provider_inst:
                 self.curr_provider_inst = None
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/context.py b/astrbot/core/star/context.py
index 76db898aa..005266a02 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/context.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/context.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 from .star_handler import star_handlers_registry, StarHandlerMetadata, EventType
 from .filter.command import CommandFilter
 from .filter.regex import RegexFilter
-from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Awaitable, Any, Callable
 from astrbot.core.conversation_mgr import ConversationManager
 from astrbot.core.star.filter.platform_adapter_type import (
     PlatformAdapterType,
@@ -105,7 +105,10 @@ def register_provider(self, provider: Provider):
 
     def get_provider_by_id(self, provider_id: str) -> Provider | None:
         """通过 ID 获取对应的 LLM Provider(Chat_Completion 类型)。"""
-        return self.provider_manager.inst_map.get(provider_id)
+        prov = self.provider_manager.inst_map.get(provider_id)
+        if prov and not isinstance(prov, Provider):
+            raise ValueError("返回的 Provider 不是 Provider 类型")
+        return prov
 
     def get_all_providers(self) -> List[Provider]:
         """获取所有用于文本生成任务的 LLM Provider(Chat_Completion 类型)。"""
@@ -130,34 +133,43 @@ def get_using_provider(self, umo: str | None = None) -> Provider | None:
         Args:
             umo(str): unified_message_origin 值，如果传入并且用户启用了提供商会话隔离，则使用该会话偏好的提供商。
         """
-        return self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
+        prov = self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
             provider_type=ProviderType.CHAT_COMPLETION,
             umo=umo,
         )
+        if prov and not isinstance(prov, Provider):
+            raise ValueError("返回的 Provider 不是 Provider 类型")
+        return prov
 
-    def get_using_tts_provider(self, umo: str | None = None) -> TTSProvider:
+    def get_using_tts_provider(self, umo: str | None = None) -> TTSProvider | None:
         """
         获取当前使用的用于 TTS 任务的 Provider。
 
         Args:
             umo(str): unified_message_origin 值，如果传入，则使用该会话偏好的提供商。
         """
-        return self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
+        prov = self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
             provider_type=ProviderType.TEXT_TO_SPEECH,
             umo=umo,
         )
+        if prov and not isinstance(prov, TTSProvider):
+            raise ValueError("返回的 Provider 不是 TTSProvider 类型")
+        return prov
 
-    def get_using_stt_provider(self, umo: str | None = None) -> STTProvider:
+    def get_using_stt_provider(self, umo: str | None = None) -> STTProvider | None:
         """
         获取当前使用的用于 STT 任务的 Provider。
 
         Args:
             umo(str): unified_message_origin 值，如果传入，则使用该会话偏好的提供商。
         """
-        return self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
+        prov = self.provider_manager.get_using_provider(
             provider_type=ProviderType.SPEECH_TO_TEXT,
             umo=umo,
         )
+        if prov and not isinstance(prov, STTProvider):
+            raise ValueError("返回的 Provider 不是 STTProvider 类型")
+        return prov
 
     def get_config(self, umo: str | None = None) -> AstrBotConfig:
         """获取 AstrBot 的配置。"""
@@ -245,7 +257,11 @@ async def send_message(
     """
 
     def register_llm_tool(
-        self, name: str, func_args: list, desc: str, func_obj: Awaitable
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        func_args: list,
+        desc: str,
+        func_obj: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
     ) -> None:
         """
         为函数调用（function-calling / tools-use）添加工具。
@@ -267,9 +283,7 @@ def register_llm_tool(
             desc=desc,
         )
         star_handlers_registry.append(md)
-        self.provider_manager.llm_tools.add_func(
-            name, func_args, desc, func_obj, func_obj
-        )
+        self.provider_manager.llm_tools.add_func(name, func_args, desc, func_obj)
 
     def unregister_llm_tool(self, name: str) -> None:
         """删除一个函数调用工具。如果再要启用，需要重新注册。"""
@@ -281,7 +295,7 @@ def register_commands(
         command_name: str,
         desc: str,
         priority: int,
-        awaitable: Awaitable,
+        awaitable: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
         use_regex=False,
         ignore_prefix=False,
     ):
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/filter/command_group.py b/astrbot/core/star/filter/command_group.py
index 88d8ae64d..0b8cd6e86 100755
--- a/astrbot/core/star/filter/command_group.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/filter/command_group.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ class CommandGroupFilter(HandlerFilter):
     def __init__(
         self,
         group_name: str,
-        alias: set = None,
-        parent_group: CommandGroupFilter = None,
+        alias: set | None = None,
+        parent_group: CommandGroupFilter | None = None,
     ):
         self.group_name = group_name
         self.alias = alias if alias else set()
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ def print_cmd_tree(
         self,
         sub_command_filters: List[Union[CommandFilter, CommandGroupFilter]],
         prefix: str = "",
-        event: AstrMessageEvent = None,
-        cfg: AstrBotConfig = None,
+        event: AstrMessageEvent | None = None,
+        cfg: AstrBotConfig | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         result = ""
         for sub_filter in sub_command_filters:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/filter/platform_adapter_type.py b/astrbot/core/star/filter/platform_adapter_type.py
index 1634001f3..7e9dda5ba 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/filter/platform_adapter_type.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/filter/platform_adapter_type.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 from . import HandlerFilter
 from astrbot.core.platform.astr_message_event import AstrMessageEvent
 from astrbot.core.config import AstrBotConfig
-from typing import Union
 
 
 class PlatformAdapterType(enum.Flag):
@@ -54,11 +53,14 @@ class PlatformAdapterType(enum.Flag):
 
 
 class PlatformAdapterTypeFilter(HandlerFilter):
-    def __init__(self, platform_adapter_type_or_str: Union[PlatformAdapterType, str]):
-        self.type_or_str = platform_adapter_type_or_str
+    def __init__(self, platform_adapter_type_or_str: PlatformAdapterType | str):
+        if isinstance(platform_adapter_type_or_str, str):
+            self.platform_type = ADAPTER_NAME_2_TYPE.get(platform_adapter_type_or_str)
+        else:
+            self.platform_type = platform_adapter_type_or_str
 
     def filter(self, event: AstrMessageEvent, cfg: AstrBotConfig) -> bool:
         adapter_name = event.get_platform_name()
-        if adapter_name in ADAPTER_NAME_2_TYPE:
-            return ADAPTER_NAME_2_TYPE[adapter_name] & self.type_or_str
+        if adapter_name in ADAPTER_NAME_2_TYPE and self.platform_type is not None:
+            return bool(ADAPTER_NAME_2_TYPE[adapter_name] & self.platform_type)
         return False
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/register/star.py b/astrbot/core/star/register/star.py
index d4814d07c..a5190dd5c 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/register/star.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/register/star.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 _warned_register_star = False
 
 
-def register_star(name: str, author: str, desc: str, version: str, repo: str = None):
+def register_star(
+    name: str, author: str, desc: str, version: str, repo: str | None = None
+):
     """注册一个插件(Star)。
 
     [DEPRECATED] 该装饰器已废弃，将在未来版本中移除。
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/register/star_handler.py b/astrbot/core/star/register/star_handler.py
index b5ebd3f50..419c874bf 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/register/star_handler.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/register/star_handler.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 from ..filter.permission import PermissionTypeFilter, PermissionType
 from ..filter.custom_filter import CustomFilterAnd, CustomFilterOr
 from ..filter.regex import RegexFilter
-from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Awaitable, Any, Callable
 from astrbot.core.provider.func_tool_manager import SUPPORTED_TYPES
 from astrbot.core.provider.register import llm_tools
 from astrbot.core.agent.agent import Agent
@@ -20,15 +20,19 @@
 from astrbot.core.agent.handoff import HandoffTool
 from astrbot.core.agent.hooks import BaseAgentRunHooks
 from astrbot.core.astr_agent_context import AstrAgentContext
+from astrbot.core import logger
 
 
-def get_handler_full_name(awaitable: Awaitable) -> str:
+def get_handler_full_name(awaitable: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]) -> str:
     """获取 Handler 的全名"""
     return f"{awaitable.__module__}_{awaitable.__name__}"
 
 
 def get_handler_or_create(
-    handler: Awaitable, event_type: EventType, dont_add=False, **kwargs
+    handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
+    event_type: EventType,
+    dont_add=False,
+    **kwargs,
 ) -> StarHandlerMetadata:
     """获取 Handler 或者创建一个新的 Handler"""
     handler_full_name = get_handler_full_name(handler)
@@ -59,22 +63,35 @@ def get_handler_or_create(
 
 
 def register_command(
-    command_name: str = None, sub_command: str = None, alias: set = None, **kwargs
+    command_name: str | None = None,
+    sub_command: str | None = None,
+    alias: set | None = None,
+    **kwargs,
 ):
     """注册一个 Command."""
     new_command = None
     add_to_event_filters = False
     if isinstance(command_name, RegisteringCommandable):
         # 子指令
-        parent_command_names = command_name.parent_group.get_complete_command_names()
-        new_command = CommandFilter(
-            sub_command, alias, None, parent_command_names=parent_command_names
-        )
-        command_name.parent_group.add_sub_command_filter(new_command)
+        if sub_command is not None:
+            parent_command_names = (
+                command_name.parent_group.get_complete_command_names()
+            )
+            new_command = CommandFilter(
+                sub_command, alias, None, parent_command_names=parent_command_names
+            )
+            command_name.parent_group.add_sub_command_filter(new_command)
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"注册指令{command_name} 的子指令时未提供 sub_command 参数。"
+            )
     else:
         # 裸指令
-        new_command = CommandFilter(command_name, alias, None)
-        add_to_event_filters = True
+        if command_name is None:
+            logger.warning("注册裸指令时未提供 command_name 参数。")
+        else:
+            new_command = CommandFilter(command_name, alias, None)
+            add_to_event_filters = True
 
     def decorator(awaitable):
         if not add_to_event_filters:
@@ -84,8 +101,9 @@ def decorator(awaitable):
         handler_md = get_handler_or_create(
             awaitable, EventType.AdapterMessageEvent, **kwargs
         )
-        new_command.init_handler_md(handler_md)
-        handler_md.event_filters.append(new_command)
+        if new_command:
+            new_command.init_handler_md(handler_md)
+            handler_md.event_filters.append(new_command)
         return awaitable
 
     return decorator
@@ -163,26 +181,38 @@ def decorator(awaitable):
 
 
 def register_command_group(
-    command_group_name: str = None, sub_command: str = None, alias: set = None, **kwargs
+    command_group_name: str | None = None,
+    sub_command: str | None = None,
+    alias: set | None = None,
+    **kwargs,
 ):
     """注册一个 CommandGroup"""
     new_group = None
     if isinstance(command_group_name, RegisteringCommandable):
         # 子指令组
-        new_group = CommandGroupFilter(
-            sub_command, alias, parent_group=command_group_name.parent_group
-        )
-        command_group_name.parent_group.add_sub_command_filter(new_group)
+        if sub_command is None:
+            logger.warning(f"{command_group_name} 指令组的子指令组 sub_command 未指定")
+        else:
+            new_group = CommandGroupFilter(
+                sub_command, alias, parent_group=command_group_name.parent_group
+            )
+            command_group_name.parent_group.add_sub_command_filter(new_group)
     else:
         # 根指令组
-        new_group = CommandGroupFilter(command_group_name, alias)
+        if command_group_name is None:
+            logger.warning("根指令组的名称未指定")
+        else:
+            new_group = CommandGroupFilter(command_group_name, alias)
 
     def decorator(obj):
         # 根指令组
-        handler_md = get_handler_or_create(obj, EventType.AdapterMessageEvent, **kwargs)
-        handler_md.event_filters.append(new_group)
+        if new_group:
+            handler_md = get_handler_or_create(
+                obj, EventType.AdapterMessageEvent, **kwargs
+            )
+            handler_md.event_filters.append(new_group)
 
-        return RegisteringCommandable(new_group)
+            return RegisteringCommandable(new_group)
 
     return decorator
 
@@ -323,7 +353,7 @@ def decorator(awaitable):
     return decorator
 
 
-def register_llm_tool(name: str = None, **kwargs):
+def register_llm_tool(name: str | None = None, **kwargs):
     """为函数调用（function-calling / tools-use）添加工具。
 
     请务必按照以下格式编写一个工具（包括函数注释，AstrBot 会尝试解析该函数注释）
@@ -361,9 +391,10 @@ async def get_weather(event: AstrMessageEvent, location: str):
     if kwargs.get("registering_agent"):
         registering_agent = kwargs["registering_agent"]
 
-    def decorator(awaitable: Awaitable):
+    def decorator(awaitable: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]):
         llm_tool_name = name_ if name_ else awaitable.__name__
-        docstring = docstring_parser.parse(awaitable.__doc__)
+        func_doc = awaitable.__doc__ or ""
+        docstring = docstring_parser.parse(func_doc)
         args = []
         for arg in docstring.params:
             if arg.type_name not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
@@ -379,20 +410,18 @@ def decorator(awaitable: Awaitable):
             )
         # print(llm_tool_name, registering_agent)
         if not registering_agent:
+            doc_desc = docstring.description.strip() if docstring.description else ""
             md = get_handler_or_create(awaitable, EventType.OnCallingFuncToolEvent)
-            llm_tools.add_func(
-                llm_tool_name, args, docstring.description.strip(), md.handler
-            )
+            llm_tools.add_func(llm_tool_name, args, doc_desc, md.handler)
         else:
             assert isinstance(registering_agent, RegisteringAgent)
             # print(f"Registering tool {llm_tool_name} for agent", registering_agent._agent.name)
             if registering_agent._agent.tools is None:
                 registering_agent._agent.tools = []
-            registering_agent._agent.tools.append(
-                llm_tools.spec_to_func(
-                    llm_tool_name, args, docstring.description.strip(), awaitable
-                )
-            )
+
+            desc = docstring.description.strip() if docstring.description else ""
+            tool = llm_tools.spec_to_func(llm_tool_name, args, desc, awaitable)
+            registering_agent._agent.tools.append(tool)
 
         return awaitable
 
@@ -413,8 +442,8 @@ def __init__(self, agent: Agent[AstrAgentContext]):
 def register_agent(
     name: str,
     instruction: str,
-    tools: list[str | FunctionTool] = None,
-    run_hooks: BaseAgentRunHooks[AstrAgentContext] = None,
+    tools: list[str | FunctionTool] | None = None,
+    run_hooks: BaseAgentRunHooks[AstrAgentContext] | None = None,
 ):
     """注册一个 Agent
 
@@ -426,7 +455,7 @@ def register_agent(
     """
     tools_ = tools or []
 
-    def decorator(awaitable: Awaitable):
+    def decorator(awaitable: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]):
         AstrAgent = Agent[AstrAgentContext]
         agent = AstrAgent(
             name=name,
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/session_plugin_manager.py b/astrbot/core/star/session_plugin_manager.py
index d1fdf77c8..94a0c8a4d 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/session_plugin_manager.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/session_plugin_manager.py
@@ -140,6 +140,9 @@ def filter_handlers_by_session(event: AstrMessageEvent, handlers: List) -> List:
                 filtered_handlers.append(handler)
                 continue
 
+            if plugin.name is None:
+                continue
+
             # 检查插件是否在当前会话中启用
             if SessionPluginManager.is_plugin_enabled_for_session(
                 session_id, plugin.name
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/star_handler.py b/astrbot/core/star/star_handler.py
index e0a97e50a..80b5adb60 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/star_handler.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/star_handler.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 import enum
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Awaitable, List, Dict, TypeVar, Generic
+from typing import Callable, Awaitable, Any, List, Dict, TypeVar, Generic
 from .filter import HandlerFilter
 from .star import star_map
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def get_handlers_by_event_type(
             handlers.append(handler)
         return handlers
 
-    def get_handler_by_full_name(self, full_name: str) -> StarHandlerMetadata:
+    def get_handler_by_full_name(self, full_name: str) -> StarHandlerMetadata | None:
         return self.star_handlers_map.get(full_name, None)
 
     def get_handlers_by_module_name(
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def __len__(self):
         return len(self._handlers)
 
 
-star_handlers_registry = StarHandlerRegistry()
+star_handlers_registry = StarHandlerRegistry()  # type: ignore
 
 
 class EventType(enum.Enum):
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class StarHandlerMetadata:
     handler_module_path: str
     """Handler 所在的模块路径。"""
 
-    handler: Awaitable
+    handler: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]
     """Handler 的函数对象，应当是一个异步函数"""
 
     event_filters: List[HandlerFilter]
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/star_manager.py b/astrbot/core/star/star_manager.py
index 91e7ef0d7..417006730 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/star_manager.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/star_manager.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def __init__(self, context: Context, config: AstrBotConfig):
         self.updator = PluginUpdator()
 
         self.context = context
-        self.context._star_manager = self
+        self.context._star_manager = self  # type: ignore
 
         self.config = config
         self.plugin_store_path = get_astrbot_plugin_path()
@@ -478,9 +478,10 @@ async def load(self, specified_module_path=None, specified_dir_name=None):
                         if isinstance(func_tool, HandoffTool):
                             need_apply = []
                             sub_tools = func_tool.agent.tools
-                            for sub_tool in sub_tools:
-                                if isinstance(sub_tool, FunctionTool):
-                                    need_apply.append(sub_tool)
+                            if sub_tools:
+                                for sub_tool in sub_tools:
+                                    if isinstance(sub_tool, FunctionTool):
+                                        need_apply.append(sub_tool)
                         else:
                             need_apply = [func_tool]
 
@@ -686,6 +687,9 @@ async def uninstall_plugin(self, plugin_name: str):
                 )
 
             # 从 star_registry 和 star_map 中删除
+            if plugin.module_path is None or root_dir_name is None:
+                raise Exception(f"插件 {plugin_name} 数据不完整，无法卸载。")
+
             await self._unbind_plugin(plugin_name, plugin.module_path)
 
             try:
@@ -800,6 +804,8 @@ async def _terminate_plugin(star_metadata: StarMetadata):
 
     async def turn_on_plugin(self, plugin_name: str):
         plugin = self.context.get_registered_star(plugin_name)
+        if plugin is None:
+            raise Exception(f"插件 {plugin_name} 不存在。")
         inactivated_plugins: list = await sp.global_get("inactivated_plugins", [])
         inactivated_llm_tools: list = await sp.global_get("inactivated_llm_tools", [])
         if plugin.module_path in inactivated_plugins:
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/star_tools.py b/astrbot/core/star/star_tools.py
index 14bd1ac9b..6f9dfe2fa 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/star_tools.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/star_tools.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 import os
 import uuid
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union, Awaitable, List, Optional, ClassVar
+from typing import Union, Awaitable, Callable, Any, List, Optional, ClassVar
 from astrbot.core.message.components import BaseMessageComponent
 from astrbot.core.message.message_event_result import MessageChain
 from astrbot.api.platform import MessageMember, AstrBotMessage, MessageType
@@ -221,7 +221,11 @@ def deactivate_llm_tool(cls, name: str) -> bool:
 
     @classmethod
     def register_llm_tool(
-        cls, name: str, func_args: list, desc: str, func_obj: Awaitable
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        func_args: list,
+        desc: str,
+        func_obj: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
     ) -> None:
         """
         为函数调用（function-calling/tools-use）添加工具
diff --git a/astrbot/core/star/updator.py b/astrbot/core/star/updator.py
index 9896115bb..a22455377 100644
--- a/astrbot/core/star/updator.py
+++ b/astrbot/core/star/updator.py
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ async def update(self, plugin: StarMetadata, proxy="") -> str:
         if not repo_url:
             raise Exception(f"插件 {plugin.name} 没有指定仓库地址。")
 
+        if not plugin.root_dir_name:
+            raise Exception(f"插件 {plugin.name} 的根目录名未指定。")
+
         plugin_path = os.path.join(self.plugin_store_path, plugin.root_dir_name)
 
         logger.info(f"正在更新插件，路径: {plugin_path}，仓库地址: {repo_url}")
diff --git a/packages/web_searcher/main.py b/packages/web_searcher/main.py
index c9ce6908c..4e817564c 100644
--- a/packages/web_searcher/main.py
+++ b/packages/web_searcher/main.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ async def _extract_tavily(self, cfg: AstrBotConfig, payload: dict) -> list[dict]
                 return results
 
     @filter.command("websearch")
-    async def websearch(self, event: AstrMessageEvent, oper: str = None) -> str:
+    async def websearch(self, event: AstrMessageEvent, oper: str | None = None):
         event.set_result(
             MessageEventResult().message(
                 "此指令已经被废弃，请在 WebUI 中开启或关闭网页搜索功能。"
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ async def search_from_search_engine(
         processed_results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
         ret = ""
         for processed_result in processed_results:
-            if isinstance(processed_result, Exception):
+            if isinstance(processed_result, BaseException):
                 logger.error(f"Error processing search result: {processed_result}")
                 continue
             ret += processed_result
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ async def tavily_extract_web_page(
     @filter.on_llm_request(priority=-10000)
     async def edit_web_search_tools(
         self, event: AstrMessageEvent, req: ProviderRequest
-    ) -> str:
+    ):
         """Get the session conversation for the given event."""
         cfg = self.context.get_config(umo=event.unified_msg_origin)
         prov_settings = cfg.get("provider_settings", {})
@@ -347,6 +347,9 @@ async def edit_web_search_tools(
             req.func_tool = tool_set.get_full_tool_set()
             tool_set = req.func_tool
 
+        if not tool_set:
+            return
+
         if not websearch_enable:
             # pop tools
             for tool_name in self.TOOLS:
@@ -372,3 +375,5 @@ async def edit_web_search_tools(
                 tool_set.add_tool(tavily_extract_web_page)
             tool_set.remove_tool("web_search")
             tool_set.remove_tool("fetch_url")
+
+        print(req.func_tool)