feat: add Bell Numbers algorithm using Aitken's Array (#7219)

* feat: added Bell Numbers algorithm using Aitken's Array

* style: applied clang-format fixes

Author: singhc7

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/BellNumbers.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.maths;
+
+/**
+ * The Bell numbers count the number of partitions of a set.
+ * The n-th Bell number is the number of ways a set of n elements can be partitioned
+ * into nonempty subsets.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation uses the Bell Triangle (Aitken's array) method.
+ * Time Complexity: O(n^2)
+ * Space Complexity: O(n^2)
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author Chahat Sandhu, <a href="https://github.com/singhc7">singhc7</a>
+ * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_number">Bell Number (Wikipedia)</a>
+ */
+public final class BellNumbers {
+
+    private BellNumbers() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the n-th Bell number using the Bell Triangle.
+     *
+     * @param n the index of the Bell number (must be non-negative)
+     * @return the n-th Bell number
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if n is negative or n > 25
+     */
+    public static long compute(int n) {
+        if (n < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be non-negative");
+        }
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (n > 25) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be <= 25. For larger n, use BigInteger implementation.");
+        }
+
+        // We use a 2D array to visualize the Bell Triangle
+        long[][] bellTriangle = new long[n + 1][n + 1];
+
+        // Base case: The triangle starts with 1
+        bellTriangle[0][0] = 1;
+
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+            // Rule 1: The first number in a new row is the LAST number of the previous row
+            bellTriangle[i][0] = bellTriangle[i - 1][i - 1];
+
+            // Rule 2: Fill the rest of the row by adding the previous neighbor and the upper-left neighbor
+            for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
+                bellTriangle[i][j] = bellTriangle[i][j - 1] + bellTriangle[i - 1][j - 1];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The Bell number B_n is the first number in the n-th row
+        return bellTriangle[n][0];
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/BellNumbersTest.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.maths;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class BellNumbersTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void testStandardCases() {
+        // Base cases and small numbers
+        assertEquals(1, BellNumbers.compute(0));
+        assertEquals(1, BellNumbers.compute(1));
+        assertEquals(2, BellNumbers.compute(2));
+        assertEquals(5, BellNumbers.compute(3));
+        assertEquals(15, BellNumbers.compute(4));
+        assertEquals(52, BellNumbers.compute(5));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMediumNumber() {
+        // B10 = 115,975
+        assertEquals(115975, BellNumbers.compute(10));
+        // B15 = 1,382,958,545
+        assertEquals(1382958545L, BellNumbers.compute(15));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLargeNumber() {
+        // B20 = 51,724,158,235,372
+        // We use the 'L' suffix to tell Java this is a long literal
+        assertEquals(51724158235372L, BellNumbers.compute(20));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxLongCapacity() {
+        // B25 is the largest Bell number that fits in a Java long (signed 64-bit)
+        // B25 = 4,638,590,332,229,999,353
+        assertEquals(4638590332229999353L, BellNumbers.compute(25));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNegativeInput() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BellNumbers.compute(-1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOverflowProtection() {
+        // We expect an exception if the user asks for the impossible
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BellNumbers.compute(26));
+    }
+}