diff --git a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
index 5645a8d0d3b..06a6b754858 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
@@ -330,6 +330,112 @@ jobs:
           cd cpp/examples/minimal_build
           ../minimal_build.build/arrow-example
 
+  odbc:
+    needs: check-labels
+    name: ODBC
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    if: >-
+      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
+      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
+      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
+    timeout-minutes: 240
+    env:
+      ARROW_BUILD_SHARED: ON
+      ARROW_BUILD_STATIC: OFF
+      ARROW_BUILD_TESTS: ON
+      ARROW_BUILD_TYPE: release
+      ARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE: VCPKG
+      ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC: ON
+      ARROW_SIMD_LEVEL: AVX2
+      CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD: "17"
+      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
+      CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX: /usr
+      VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: 'clear;nuget,GitHub,readwrite'
+      VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows
+    steps:
+      - name: Disable Crash Dialogs
+        run: |
+          reg add `
+            "HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Windows Error Reporting" `
+            /v DontShowUI `
+            /t REG_DWORD `
+            /d 1 `
+            /f
+      - name: Checkout Arrow
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          submodules: recursive
+      - name: Download Timezone Database
+        shell: bash
+        run: ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
+      - name: Install cmake
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          ci/scripts/install_cmake.sh 4.1.2 /usr
+      - name: Install ccache
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          ci/scripts/install_ccache.sh 4.12.1 /usr
+      - name: Setup ccache
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          ci/scripts/ccache_setup.sh
+      - name: ccache info
+        id: ccache-info
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          echo "cache-dir=$(ccache --get-config cache_dir)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Cache ccache
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.ccache-info.outputs.cache-dir }}
+          key: cpp-odbc-ccache-windows-x64-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
+          restore-keys: cpp-odbc-ccache-windows-x64-
+      - name: Checkout vcpkg
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          path: vcpkg
+          repository: microsoft/vcpkg
+      - name: Bootstrap vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
+          $VCPKG_ROOT = $(Resolve-Path -LiteralPath "vcpkg").ToString()
+          Write-Output ${VCPKG_ROOT} | `
+            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_PATH} -Encoding utf8 -Append
+          Write-Output "VCPKG_ROOT=${VCPKG_ROOT}" | `
+            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_ENV} -Encoding utf8 -Append
+      - name: Setup NuGet credentials for vcpkg caching
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
+            sources add \
+            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json" \
+            -storepasswordincleartext \
+            -name "GitHub" \
+            -username "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER" \
+            -password "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
+          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
+            setapikey "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" \
+            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json"
+      - name: Build
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          set VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP=%VCPKG_ROOT%
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
+          set VCPKG_ROOT=%VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP%
+          bash -c "ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh $(pwd) $(pwd)/build"
+      - name: Register Flight SQL ODBC Driver
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          call "cpp\src\arrow\flight\sql\odbc\tests\install_odbc.cmd" ${{ github.workspace }}\build\cpp\%ARROW_BUILD_TYPE%\arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll
+      # GH-48270 TODO: Resolve segementation fault during Arrow library unload
+      # GH-48269 TODO: Enable Flight & Flight SQL testing in MSVC CI
+      # GH-48547 TODO: enable ODBC tests after GH-48270 and GH-48269 are resolved.
+
+      # GH-47787 TODO: Build ODBC installer
+
   report-extra-cpp:
     if: github.event_name == 'schedule' && always()
     needs:
@@ -337,5 +443,6 @@ jobs:
       - jni-linux
       - jni-macos
       - msvc-arm64
+      - odbc
     uses: ./.github/workflows/report_ci.yml
     secrets: inherit
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh b/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
index a0b77b11be2..0ad59bc308f 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ if [ "${ARROW_USE_MESON:-OFF}" = "OFF" ] && \
       ;;
   esac
   if [ -n "${VCPKG_ROOT}" ] && [ -n "${VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET}" ]; then
-    CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH+=";${VCPKG_ROOT}/installed/${VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET}"
+    # Search vcpkg before <prefix>/lib/cmake.
+    CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="${VCPKG_ROOT}/installed/${VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET};${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}"
   fi
   cmake \
     -S "${source_dir}/examples/minimal_build" \
diff --git a/cpp/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
index 7286616c4fb..c9f026f926a 100644
--- a/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -520,8 +520,6 @@ endif()
 set(PARQUET_PC_REQUIRES "")
 set(PARQUET_PC_REQUIRES_PRIVATE "")
 
-include(ThirdpartyToolchain)
-
 # Add common flags
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${CXX_COMMON_FLAGS}")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${ARROW_CXXFLAGS}")
@@ -536,6 +534,8 @@ string(REPLACE "-std=c++17" "" CMAKE_C_FLAGS ${CMAKE_C_FLAGS})
 # Add C++-only flags, like -std=c++17
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CXX_ONLY_FLAGS} ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
 
+include(ThirdpartyToolchain)
+
 # ASAN / TSAN / UBSAN
 if(ARROW_FUZZING)
   set(ARROW_USE_COVERAGE ON)
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/CMakeLists.txt
index 71a315660bf..2fe9c41e3ce 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -129,13 +129,9 @@ if(WIN32)
                          system_dsn.h)
 endif()
 
-target_link_libraries(arrow_odbc_spi_impl PUBLIC arrow_flight_sql_shared
-                                                 arrow_compute_shared Boost::locale)
-
-# Link libraries on MINGW64 and macOS
-if(MINGW OR APPLE)
-  target_link_libraries(arrow_odbc_spi_impl PUBLIC ${ODBCINST})
-endif()
+target_link_libraries(arrow_odbc_spi_impl
+                      PUBLIC arrow_flight_sql_shared arrow_compute_shared Boost::locale
+                             ${ODBCINST})
 
 set_target_properties(arrow_odbc_spi_impl
                       PROPERTIES ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/get_info_cache.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/get_info_cache.cc
index cd637be165e..7d6239f24a7 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/get_info_cache.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/get_info_cache.cc
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/platform.h"
 
-#include <sql.h>
-#include <sqlext.h>
 #include "arrow/array.h"
 #include "arrow/array/array_nested.h"
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/api.h"
@@ -32,6 +30,10 @@
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/scalar_function_reporter.h"
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/util.h"
 
+// Include ODBC headers after arrow headers to avoid conflicts with sql_info_undef.h
+#include <sql.h>
+#include <sqlext.h>
+
 // Aliases for entries in SqlInfoOptions::SqlInfo that are defined here
 // due to causing compilation errors conflicting with ODBC definitions.
 #define ARROW_SQL_IDENTIFIER_CASE 503
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/odbc_connection.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/odbc_connection.cc
index d6dfb471bd0..59cdc2e12d9 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/odbc_connection.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/odbc_connection.cc
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/spi/statement.h"
 #include "arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/util.h"
 
+// Include ODBC headers after arrow headers to avoid conflicts with sql_info_undef.h
 #include <odbcinst.h>
 #include <sql.h>
 #include <sqlext.h>
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 2f4ed9964da..39284c750b0 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -51,3 +51,6 @@ add_arrow_test(flight_sql_odbc_test
                ${ODBCINST}
                ${SQLite3_LIBRARIES}
                arrow_odbc_spi_impl)
+
+# Disable unity build due to sqlite_sql_info.cc conflict with sql.h and sqlext.h headers.
+set_target_properties(arrow-flight-sql-odbc-test PROPERTIES UNITY_BUILD OFF)
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.h b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.h
index c349704cc52..7dd77d8fa62 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/odbc_test_suite.h
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
+#pragma once
+
 #include "arrow/testing/gtest_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/io_util.h"
 #include "arrow/util/utf8.h"