added 0006 Wild Card Matching (L-A)

Author: harisdev-netizen

L-A/0006 Wild Card Matching ( L-A )/README.md

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+# 0005 Trapping Rain Water ( L-A )
+
+## Problem
+
+Given n non-negative integers representing an elevation map where the width of each bar is 1, compute how much water it can trap after raining.
+
+## Example 1
+
+```
+Input: s = "aa", p = "a"
+Output: false
+Explanation: "a" does not match the entire string "aa".
+```
+
+## Solution
+
+```javascript
+function isMatch(s, p) {
+  const memo = {};
+  return dp(0, 0, memo);
+
+  function dp(i, j, memo) {
+    const key = `${i}-${j}`;
+
+    if (memo.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+      return memo[key];
+    }
+
+    if (j === p.length) {
+      return i === s.length;
+    }
+
+    const firstMatch = i < s.length && (p[j] === s[i] || p[j] === "?");
+
+    if (p[j] === "*") {
+      memo[key] =
+        dp(i, j + 1, memo) ||
+        (firstMatch && dp(i + 1, j, memo));
+    } else {
+      memo[key] = firstMatch && dp(i + 1, j + 1, memo);
+    }
+
+    return memo[key];
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+## How it works
+- This solution uses dynamic programming with memoization to efficiently solve the problem. The `dp` function takes two indices (`i` and `j`) to represent the current positions in the string `s` and pattern `p`, respectively, as well as a memoization object (`memo`) to store previous results.
+- The base cases for the recursion are when the pattern is empty (`j === p.length`) and the string is empty (`i === s.length`). In this case, the function returns `true` if the string is empty as well, and ``false` otherwise.
+- If the current character in the pattern is a wildcard (`'*'`), there are two possibilities: either the wildcard matches 0 characters (in which case we move to the next character in the pattern by calling `dp(i, j + 1, memo)`), or the wildcard matches 1 or more characters (in which case we move to the next character in the string by calling `dp(i + 1, j, memo)` if there is a match at the current position). We use the `||` operator to combine these two possibilities, and memoize the result.
+- If the current character in the pattern is not a wildcard, we check if there is a match at the current position (`firstMatch = i < s.length && (p[j] === s[i] || p[j] === '?')`). If there is a match, we move to the next character in both the string and the pattern by calling `dp(i + 1, j + 1, memo)`. We memoize the result and return it.
+- At the end, we call the `dp` function with the initial indices (`0` and `0`) and the memoization object. The result of the function represents whether the string matches the pattern.
+
+## References
+
+- [LeetCode](https://leetcode.com/problems/wildcard-matching/)
+
+## Problem Added By
+
+- [Haris](https://github.com/harisdev-netizen)
+
+## Contributing
+
+Pull requests are welcome. For major changes, please open an issue first to discuss what you would like to change.
+
+Please make sure to update tests as appropriate.

L-A/0006 Wild Card Matching ( L-A )/wildCardMatching.js

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+function isMatch(s, p) {
+  const memo = {}; // memoization object to store previous results
+  return dp(0, 0, memo);
+
+  function dp(i, j, memo) {
+    const key = `${i}-${j}`; // key to store and retrieve memoization results
+
+    if (memo.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+      // check if result has already been computed
+      return memo[key];
+    }
+
+    if (j === p.length) {
+      // if pattern is empty, string must also be empty
+      return i === s.length;
+    }
+
+    const firstMatch = i < s.length && (p[j] === s[i] || p[j] === "?");
+
+    if (p[j] === "*") {
+      // if current character is wildcard
+      memo[key] =
+        dp(i, j + 1, memo) || // match 0 characters
+        (firstMatch && dp(i + 1, j, memo)); // match 1 or more characters
+    } else {
+      // if current character is not a wildcard
+      memo[key] = firstMatch && dp(i + 1, j + 1, memo); // match current characters
+    }
+
+    return memo[key];
+  }
+}