@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ for much more on how to use an ``Index`` effectively.
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5454
5555Copies vs. in place operations
56- -----------------------------
56+ ------------------------------
5757
5858.. include :: includes/copies.rst
5959
6060
6161Data input / output
62- ------------------
62+ -------------------
6363
6464Reading external data
65- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
65+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6666
6767Like SPSS, pandas provides utilities for reading in data from many formats. The ``tips `` dataset, found within
6868the pandas tests (`csv <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pandas-dev/pandas/main/pandas/tests/io/data/csv/tips.csv >`_)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ For example, if the data was instead tab delimited, and did not have column name
9696.. code-block :: python
9797
9898 tips = pd.read_csv(" tips.csv" , sep = " \t " , header = None )
99-
99+
100100 # alternatively, read_table is an alias to read_csv with tab delimiter
101101 tips = pd.read_table(" tips.csv" , header = None )
102102
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ In pandas, this would be written as:
139139
140140
141141 String processing
142- ----------------
142+ -----------------
143143
144144Finding length of string
145- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
145+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
146146
147147In SPSS:
148148
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ In SPSS:
155155
156156
157157Changing case
158- ~~~~~~~~~~~~
158+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
159159
160160In SPSS:
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@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@ In SPSS, merging data files is done through Data > Merge Files.
178178
179179
180180GroupBy operations
181- ----------------
181+ ------------------
182182
183183Split-file processing
184- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
184+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
185185
186186In SPSS, split-file analysis is done through Data > Split File:
187187
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ The pandas equivalent would be:
200200
201201
202202 Missing data
203- -----------
203+ ------------
204204
205205SPSS uses the period (``. ``) for numeric missing values and blank spaces for string missing values.
206206pandas uses ``NaN `` (Not a Number) for numeric missing values and ``None `` or ``NaN `` for string
@@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ missing values.
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211211
212212Other considerations
213- ------------------
213+ --------------------
214214
215215Output management
216- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
216+ -----------------
217217
218218While pandas does not have a direct equivalent to SPSS's Output Management System (OMS), you can
219219capture and export results in various ways:
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