diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
index f979890170b1a1..a643e7757022fd 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
@@ -776,13 +776,23 @@ def get(self, timeout=None):
     def _set(self, i, obj):
         self._success, self._value = obj
         if self._callback and self._success:
-            self._callback(self._value)
+            self._handle_exceptions(self._callback, self._value)
         if self._error_callback and not self._success:
-            self._error_callback(self._value)
+            self._handle_exceptions(self._error_callback, self._value)
         self._event.set()
         del self._cache[self._job]
         self._pool = None
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _handle_exceptions(callback, args):
+        try:
+            return callback(args)
+        except Exception as e:
+            args = threading.ExceptHookArgs([type(e), e, e.__traceback__,
+                                             threading.current_thread()])
+            threading.excepthook(args)
+            del args
+
     __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)
 
 AsyncResult = ApplyResult       # create alias -- see #17805
@@ -813,7 +823,7 @@ def _set(self, i, success_result):
             self._value[i*self._chunksize:(i+1)*self._chunksize] = result
             if self._number_left == 0:
                 if self._callback:
-                    self._callback(self._value)
+                    self._handle_exceptions(self._callback, self._value)
                 del self._cache[self._job]
                 self._event.set()
                 self._pool = None
@@ -825,7 +835,7 @@ def _set(self, i, success_result):
             if self._number_left == 0:
                 # only consider the result ready once all jobs are done
                 if self._error_callback:
-                    self._error_callback(self._value)
+                    self._handle_exceptions(self._error_callback, self._value)
                 del self._cache[self._job]
                 self._event.set()
                 self._pool = None
diff --git a/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py b/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
index 75f31d858d3306..f8744550a87191 100644
--- a/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
@@ -3172,7 +3172,39 @@ def test_resource_warning(self):
             pool = None
             support.gc_collect()
 
-def raising():
+    def test_callback_errors(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest("cannot intercept excepthook in manager")
+
+        def _apply(pool, target, **kwargs):
+            return pool.apply_async(target, **kwargs)
+
+        def _map(pool, target, **kwargs):
+            return pool.map_async(target, range(1), **kwargs)
+
+        def record_exceptions(errs):
+            def record(args):
+                errs.append(args.exc_type)
+            return record
+
+        errs = []
+        for func in [_apply, _map]:
+            with self.subTest(func=func):
+                saved_hook = threading.excepthook
+                threading.excepthook = record_exceptions(errs)
+                try:
+                    with self.Pool(1) as pool:
+                        res = func(pool, noop, callback=raising)
+                        res.get()
+                finally:
+                    threading.excepthook = saved_hook
+
+        self.assertEqual(errs, [KeyError, KeyError])
+
+def noop(*args):
+    pass
+
+def raising(*args):
     raise KeyError("key")
 
 def unpickleable_result():
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-05-27-01-06-25.gh-issue-83371.-oeZI3.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-05-27-01-06-25.gh-issue-83371.-oeZI3.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ecb61103d15c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-05-27-01-06-25.gh-issue-83371.-oeZI3.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Handle exceptions thrown by callbacks passed to
+:class:`multiprocessing.pool.Pool` ``*_async`` methods, preventing them from
+breaking the pool.