adding evaluate_without_side_effects for helping compile expressions.

mathics/builtin/assignments/assignment.py

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class Set(InfixOperator):
         "setraw": "Cannot assign to raw object `1`.",
         "shape": "Lists `1` and `2` are not the same shape.",
     }
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "assign a value"
 
     def eval(self, lhs, rhs, evaluation):
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class TagSet(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED | A_SEQUENCE_HOLD
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "tagnfd": "Tag `1` not found or too deep for an assigned rule.",
     }
@@ -353,6 +353,7 @@ class UpSet(InfixOperator):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_FIRST | A_PROTECTED | A_SEQUENCE_HOLD
+    has_side_effects = True
     grouping = "Right"
 
     summary_text = (

mathics/builtin/attributes.py

@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ class ClearAttributes(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_FIRST | A_PROTECTED
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "clear the attributes of a symbol"
 
     def eval(self, symbols, attributes, evaluation):
@@ -526,6 +527,7 @@ class Protect(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "protect a symbol against redefinitions"
 
     def eval(self, symbols, evaluation):
@@ -696,7 +698,7 @@ class SetAttributes(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_FIRST | A_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "unknownattr": f"`1` should be one of {', '.join(attribute_string_to_number.keys())}"
     }
@@ -752,6 +754,7 @@ class Unprotect(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "remove protection against redefinitions"
 
     def eval(self, symbols, evaluation):

mathics/builtin/compilation.py

@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@
 
 from mathics.builtin.box.compilation import CompiledCodeBox
 from mathics.core.atoms import Complex, Integer, Rational, Real, String
-from mathics.core.attributes import A_HOLD_ALL, A_PROTECTED
+from mathics.core.attributes import (
+    A_HOLD_ALL,
+    A_N_HOLD_ALL,
+    A_PROTECTED,
+    A_READ_PROTECTED,
+)
 from mathics.core.builtin import Builtin
 from mathics.core.convert.expression import to_mathics_list
 from mathics.core.convert.function import (
@@ -73,9 +78,11 @@ class Compile(Builtin):
     >> cf[3.5, 2]
      = 2.18888
 
-    Loops and variable assignments are supported usinv Python builtin "compile" function:
-    >> Compile[{{a, _Integer}, {b, _Integer}}, While[b != 0, {a, b} = {b, Mod[a, b]}]; a]       (* GCD of a, b *)
-     =  CompiledFunction[{a, b}, a, -PythonizedCode-]
+    Loops and variable assignments are supported using Python builtin "compile" function:
+    >> gdc = Compile[{{a, _Integer}, {b, _Integer}}, Module[{x=a, y=b}, While[y != 0, {x, y} = {y, Mod[x, y]}]; x]] (* GCD of a, b *)
+     =  CompiledFunction[{a, b}, Module[{x = a, y = b}, While[y != 0, {x, y} = {y, Mod[x, y]}] ; x], -PythonizedCode-]
+    >> gdc[18, 81]
+     = 9.
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
@@ -174,15 +181,23 @@ def to_sympy(self, *args, **kwargs):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __hash__(self):
+        cfunc = self.cfunc
+        if cfunc is None:
+            hash(
+                (
+                    "CompiledCode",
+                    None,
+                )
+            )  # XXX hack
         try:
-            return hash(("CompiledCode", ctypes.addressof(self.cfunc)))  # XXX hack
+            return hash(("CompiledCode", ctypes.addressof(cfunc)))  # XXX hack
         except TypeError:
             return hash(
                 (
-                    "CompiledCode",
-                    self.cfunc,
+                    "Pythonized-function",
+                    cfunc,
                 )
-            )  # XXX hack
+            )
 
     def atom_to_boxes(self, f, evaluation: Evaluation):
         return CompiledCodeBox(String(self.__str__()), evaluation=evaluation)
@@ -198,14 +213,15 @@ class CompiledFunction(Builtin):
     </dl>
 
     >> sqr = Compile[{x}, x x]
-     = CompiledFunction[{x}, x ^ 2, ...]
+     = CompiledFunction[{x}, x x, ...]
     >> Head[sqr]
      = CompiledFunction
     >> sqr[2]
      = 4.
 
     """
 
+    attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED | A_N_HOLD_ALL | A_READ_PROTECTED
     messages = {
         "argerr": "Invalid argument `1` should be Integer, Real, Complex or boolean.",
         "cfsa": "Argument `1` at position `2` should be a `3`.",

mathics/builtin/procedural.py

@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class CompoundExpression(InfixOperator):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED | A_READ_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "execute expressions in sequence"
 
     def eval(self, expr, evaluation):
@@ -346,6 +346,7 @@ class For(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_REST | A_PROTECTED
+    has_side_effects = True
     rules = {
         "For[start_, test_, incr_]": "For[start, test, incr, Null]",
     }
@@ -487,6 +488,8 @@ class Interrupt(Builtin):
      = $Aborted
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
+
     # Set checking that the no arguments are allowed.
     # eval_error = Builtin.generic_argument_error
     # expected_args = 0
@@ -511,6 +514,7 @@ class Pause(Builtin):
     >> Pause[0.5]
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "numnm": (
             "Non-negative machine-sized number expected at " "position 1 in `1`."
@@ -563,7 +567,7 @@ class Return(Builtin):
     rules = {
         "Return[]": "Return[Null]",
     }
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     summary_text = "return from a function"
 
     def eval(self, expr, evaluation: Evaluation):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
@@ -604,7 +608,7 @@ class Switch(Builtin):
 
     summary_text = "switch based on a value, with patterns allowed"
     attributes = A_HOLD_REST | A_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "argct": (
             "Switch called with `2` arguments. "
@@ -659,7 +663,7 @@ class Throw(Builtin):
     # Set checking that the number of arguments required is one or two. WMA uses 1..3.
     eval_error = Builtin.generic_argument_error
     expected_args = (1, 2)
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "nocatch": "Uncaught `1` returned to top level.",
     }
@@ -773,7 +777,7 @@ class While(Builtin):
     # Set checking that the number of arguments required is one.
     eval_error = Builtin.generic_argument_error
     expected_args = (1, 2)
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     rules = {
         "While[test_]": "While[test, Null]",
     }

mathics/builtin/scoping.py

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ class Begin(Builtin):
     ##  = Global`test`
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
     rules = {
         "Begin[context_String]": """
              Unprotect[System`Private`$ContextStack];
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ class BeginPackage(Builtin):
     ##  = test`
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {"unimpl": "The second argument to BeginPackage is not yet implemented."}
 
     rules = {
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ class Block(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "lvsym": (
             "Local variable specification contains `1`, "
@@ -351,6 +353,7 @@ class End(Builtin):
     </dl>
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "noctx": "No previous context defined.",
     }
@@ -386,6 +389,7 @@ class EndPackage(Builtin):
     time of the 'BeginPackage' call are restored, with the new package\'s context prepended to '\$ContextPath'.
     """
 
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "noctx": "No previous context defined.",
     }
@@ -450,7 +454,7 @@ class Module(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "lvsym": (
             "Local variable specification contains `1`, "
@@ -710,7 +714,7 @@ class With(Builtin):
     """
 
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
-
+    has_side_effects = True
     messages = {
         "lvsym": (
             "Local variable specification contains `1`, "

mathics/core/builtin.py

@@ -207,6 +207,11 @@ def eval_with_options(x, evaluation: Evaluation, options: dict):
     expected_args: Union[int, Tuple[int, int], range] = -1
 
     formats: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    # If the symbol include rules involving loops,
+    # setting values, or creating/changing contexts.
+    has_side_effects: bool = False
+
     messages: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     name: Optional[str] = None
     options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
@@ -434,6 +439,13 @@ def contextify_form_name(f):
         else:
             definitions.builtin[name] = definition
 
+        # If the definition has side effects, store it in a
+        # dictionary.
+        if self.has_side_effects:
+            from mathics.core.definitions import SIDE_EFFECT_BUILTINS
+
+            SIDE_EFFECT_BUILTINS[name] = definition
+
         makeboxes_def = definitions.builtin["System`MakeBoxes"]
         for rule in box_rules:
             makeboxes_def.add_rule(rule)
@@ -1026,6 +1038,7 @@ def get_name(cls, short=False) -> str:
 class IterationFunction(Builtin, ABC):
     attributes = A_HOLD_ALL | A_PROTECTED
     allow_loopcontrol = False
+    has_side_effects = True
     throw_iterb = True
 
     def get_result(self, elements, is_uniform=False) -> Expression:

mathics/core/convert/function.py

@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@
 
 import numpy
 
-from mathics.core.convert.lambdify import (
-    CompileError as LambdifyCompileError,
-    lambdify_compile,
-)
+from mathics.core.definitions import SIDE_EFFECT_BUILTINS, Definition
 from mathics.core.evaluation import Evaluation
 from mathics.core.expression import Expression, from_python
 from mathics.core.symbols import Symbol, SymbolFalse, SymbolTrue
@@ -53,6 +50,33 @@ def __init__(self, var):
         self.var = var
 
 
+def evaluate_without_side_effects(
+    expr: Expression, evaluation: Evaluation
+) -> Expression:
+    """
+    Evaluate an expression leaving unevaluated subexpressions
+    related with side-effects (assignments, loops).
+    """
+    definitions = evaluation.definitions
+    # Temporarily remove the builtin definitions
+    # of symbols with side effects
+    for name, defin in SIDE_EFFECT_BUILTINS.items():
+        # Change the definition by a temporal definition setting
+        # just the name and the attributes.
+        definitions.builtin[name] = Definition(
+            name, attributes=defin.attributes, builtin=defin.builtin
+        )
+        definitions.clear_cache(name)
+    try:
+        result = expr.evaluate(evaluation)
+    finally:
+        # Restore the definitions
+        for name, defin in SIDE_EFFECT_BUILTINS.items():
+            definitions.builtin[name] = defin
+            definitions.clear_cache(name)
+    return result if result is not None else expr
+
+
 def expression_to_llvm(
     expr: Expression,
     args: Optional[list] = None,
@@ -64,10 +88,36 @@ def expression_to_llvm(
     args: a list of CompileArg elements
     evaluation: an Evaluation object used if the llvm compilation fails
     """
+    if evaluation is not None:
+        expr = evaluate_without_side_effects(expr, evaluation)
+
     try:
         return _compile(expr, args) if (USE_LLVM and args is not None) else None
     except CompileError:
-        return None
+        cfunc = None
+
+    if cfunc is None:
+        if evaluation is None:
+            raise CompileError
+        try:
+
+            def _pythonized_mathics_expr(*x):
+                from mathics.eval.scoping import dynamic_scoping
+
+                inner_evaluation = Evaluation(definitions=evaluation.definitions)
+                vars = {a.name: from_python(u) for a, u in zip(args, x[: len(args)])}
+                pyexpr = dynamic_scoping(
+                    lambda ev: expr.evaluate(ev), vars, inner_evaluation
+                )
+                pyexpr = eval_N(pyexpr, inner_evaluation)
+                res = pyexpr.to_python()
+                return res
+
+            # TODO: check if we can use numba to compile this...
+            cfunc = _pythonized_mathics_expr
+        except Exception:
+            cfunc = None
+    return cfunc
 
 
 def expression_to_python_function(
@@ -141,6 +191,11 @@ def expression_to_callable_and_args(
     expr: A Mathics Expression object
     vars: a list of Symbols or Mathics Lists of the form {Symbol, Type}
     """
+    from mathics.core.convert.lambdify import (
+        CompileError as LambdifyCompileError,
+        lambdify_compile,
+    )
+
     args = collect_args(vars)
 
     # If vectorize is requested, first, try to lambdify the expression: