@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ These two classes of processes are closely connected.
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6060If a process $\{ y_t\} $ is an additive functional and $\phi_t = \exp(y_t)$, then $\{ \phi_t\} $ is a multiplicative functional.
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62- Hansen and Sargent {cite}` hansen2008robustness ` (chs. 5 and 8) describe discrete time versions of additive and multiplicative functionals.
63-
6462In this lecture, we describe both additive functionals and multiplicative functionals.
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6664We also describe and compute decompositions of additive and multiplicative processes into four components:
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ from scipy.stats import norm, lognorm
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8987## A Particular Additive Functional
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91- Hansen and Sargent {cite}` hansen2008robustness ` describe a general class of additive functionals.
89+ {cite}` hansen2009long ` describe a general class of additive functionals.
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9391This lecture focuses on a subclass of these: a scalar process $\{ y_t\} _ {t=0}^\infty$ whose increments are driven by a Gaussian vector autoregression.
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@@ -722,7 +720,7 @@ Notice the irregular but persistent growth in $y_t$.
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723721### Decomposition
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725- Hansen and Sargent {cite}` hansen2008robustness ` describe how to construct a decomposition of
723+ Hansen and Sargent {cite}` Hans_Sarg_book ` describe how to construct a decomposition of
726724an additive functional into four parts:
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728726- a constant inherited from initial values $x_0$ and $y_0$
741739\end{aligned}
742740$$
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744- Then the Hansen-Scheinkman {cite}` hansen2009long ` decomposition is
742+ Then the Hansen-Scheinkman {cite}` hansen2009long ` , {cite} ` Hans_Sarg_book ` decomposition is
745743
746744$$
747745\begin{aligned}
@@ -939,7 +937,7 @@ Let's see what happens when we set $T = 12000$ instead of $150$.
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940938### Peculiar Large Sample Property
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942- Hansen and Sargent {cite}` hansen2008robustness ` (ch. 8) describe the following two properties of the martingale component
940+ Hansen and Sargent {cite}` Hans_Sarg_book ` (ch. 8) describe the following two properties of the martingale component
943941$\widetilde M_t$ of the multiplicative decomposition
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945943* while $E_0 \widetilde M_t = 1$ for all $t \geq 0$,
@@ -950,7 +948,7 @@ $\widetilde M_t$ of the multiplicative decomposition
950948The first property follows from the fact that $\widetilde M_t$ is a multiplicative martingale with initial condition
951949$\widetilde M_0 = 1$.
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953- The second is a ** peculiar property** noted and proved by Hansen and Sargent {cite}` hansen2008robustness ` .
951+ The second is a ** peculiar property** noted and proved by Hansen and Sargent {cite}` Hans_Sarg_book ` .
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955953The following simulation of many paths of $\widetilde M_t$ illustrates both properties
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