Add switch_root support for initramfs to real root transitions

doc/features.md

@@ -288,4 +288,27 @@ Rescue mode can be disabled at build time with `configure --without-rescue`.
 See the [Rescue Mode](config/rescue.md) section for more information.
 
 
+**Switch Root**
+
+Finit supports switching from an initramfs to a real root filesystem using
+the built-in `initctl switch-root` command.  This allows Finit to serve as
+the init system in an initramfs for early boot tasks (LUKS unlock, LVM
+activation, network boot) before transitioning to the real root.
+
+```bash
+# In initramfs, after mounting the real root:
+initctl switch-root /mnt/root
+```
+
+The switch-root operation:
+
+1. Runs the `HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT` hook for cleanup
+2. Stops all services gracefully
+3. Moves virtual filesystems (`/dev`, `/proc`, `/sys`, `/run`) to the new root
+4. Deletes initramfs contents to free memory
+5. Pivots to the new root and execs the new init
+
+See the [Switch Root](switchroot.md) section for complete documentation.
+
+
 [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel

doc/index.md

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ Features
   * [Cgroups v2](config/cgroups.md), both configuration and monitoring in [`initctl top`](initctl.md)
   * [Plugin support](plugins.md) for customization
   * Proper [rescue mode](config/rescue.md) with bundled `sulogin` for protected maintenance shell
+  * [Switch root](switchroot.md) support for initramfs-to-real-root transitions
   * Integration with [watchdogd][] for full system supervision
   * [Logging](config/logging.md) to kernel ring buffer before `syslogd` has started, see the
     recommended [sysklogd][] project for complete logging integration

doc/initctl.md

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ Commands:
   halt                      Halt system
   poweroff                  Halt and power off system
   suspend                   Suspend system
+  switch-root NEWROOT [INIT]  Switch to new root filesystem (initramfs only)
 
   utmp     show             Raw dump of UTMP/WTMP db
 ```
@@ -143,3 +144,24 @@ Apr  8 12:37:46 alpine authpriv.info dropbear[2300]: Exit (root) from <192.168.1
 Apr  8 15:02:11 alpine authpriv.info dropbear[2634]: Child connection from 192.168.121.1:48576
 Apr  8 15:02:12 alpine authpriv.notice dropbear[2634]: Password auth succeeded for 'root' from 192.168.121.1:48576
 ```
+
+
+Switch Root
+-----------
+
+The `switch-root` command is used when running Finit in an initramfs to
+transition to the real root filesystem.  This is similar to the standalone
+`switch_root(8)` utility but integrated into Finit.
+
+```
+initctl switch-root /mnt/root [/sbin/init]
+```
+
+Requirements:
+
+- Must be run during runlevel S (bootstrap) or runlevel 1
+- The new root must be a mount point (different device than /)
+- Can only be used when Finit is running as PID 1 in an initramfs
+
+For complete documentation and usage examples, see the dedicated
+[Switch Root](switchroot.md) section.

doc/plugins.md

@@ -205,6 +205,16 @@ hook points:
   new runlevel have been been stopped.  When the hook has completed,
   Finit continues to start all services in the new runlevel.
 
+### Switch Root Hooks
+
+* `HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT`, `hook/sys/switchroot`: Called when
+  `initctl switch-root` is issued, before the transition begins.  Use
+  this hook to save state, unmount initramfs-only filesystems, or perform
+  cleanup before switching to the new root.  Only runs when Finit is
+  operating as PID 1 in an initramfs.
+
+  See the [Switch Root](switchroot.md) section for more information.
+
 ### Shutdown Hooks
 
 * `HOOK_NETWORK_DN`, `hook/net/down`: Called right after having changed

doc/switchroot.md

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+Switch Root
+===========
+
+Finit supports switching from an initramfs to a real root filesystem
+using the `initctl switch-root` command.  This is useful for systems
+that use an initramfs for early boot (LUKS, LVM, network boot, etc.)
+and need to transition to the real root before starting services.
+
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+```sh
+initctl switch-root NEWROOT [INIT]
+```
+
+- `NEWROOT`: Path to the mounted new root filesystem (e.g., `/mnt/root`)
+- `INIT`: Optional path to init on the new root (default: `/sbin/init`)
+
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+1. Must be run during runlevel S (bootstrap) or runlevel 1
+2. `NEWROOT` must be a mount point (different device than /)
+3. `INIT` must exist and be executable on the new root
+4. Finit must be running as PID 1 (in initramfs)
+
+
+How It Works
+------------
+
+1. Runs `HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT` for any cleanup scripts/plugins
+2. Runs `HOOK_SHUTDOWN` to notify plugins
+3. Stops all services and kills remaining processes
+4. Exits all plugins gracefully
+5. Moves `/dev`, `/proc`, `/sys`, `/run` to new root
+6. Deletes initramfs contents (if on tmpfs/ramfs) to free memory
+7. Moves new root mount to `/`
+8. Chroots to new root
+9. Reopens `/dev/console` for stdin/stdout/stderr
+10. Execs new init as PID 1
+
+
+Example: Initramfs finit.conf
+-----------------------------
+
+Configuration file `/etc/finit.conf` in the initramfs:
+
+```
+# /etc/finit.conf in initramfs
+
+# Mount the real root filesystem
+run [S] name:mount-root /bin/mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root -- Mounting root filesystem
+
+# Switch to real root after mount completes
+run [S] name:switch-root /sbin/initctl switch-root /mnt/root -- Switching to real root
+```
+
+For more complex setups (LUKS, LVM, etc.):
+
+```
+# Unlock LUKS volume
+run [S] name:cryptsetup /sbin/cryptsetup open /dev/sda2 cryptroot -- Unlocking encrypted root
+
+# Activate LVM
+run [S] name:lvm /sbin/lvm vgchange -ay -- Activating LVM volumes
+
+# Mount root
+run [S] name:mount-root /bin/mount /dev/vg0/root /mnt/root -- Mounting root
+
+# Switch root
+run [S] name:switch-root /sbin/initctl switch-root /mnt/root -- Switching to real root
+```
+
+
+Example: Using Runlevel 1 for Switch Root
+-----------------------------------------
+
+For more complex initramfs setups where ordering of tasks becomes
+difficult in runlevel S, you can perform the switch-root in runlevel 1:
+
+```
+# /etc/finit.conf in initramfs
+
+# Start mdevd for device handling
+service [S] name:mdevd notify:s6 /sbin/mdevd -D %n -- Device event daemon
+run [S] name:coldplug <service/mdevd/ready> /sbin/mdevd-coldplug -- Coldplug devices
+
+# Mount the real root filesystem (after devices are ready)
+run [S] name:mount-root <run/coldplug/success> /bin/mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root -- Mounting root
+
+# Transition to runlevel 1 after all S tasks complete
+# The switch-root runs cleanly in runlevel 1
+run [1] name:switch-root /sbin/initctl switch-root /mnt/root -- Switching to real root
+```
+
+This approach separates the initramfs setup (runlevel S) from the
+switch-root operation (runlevel 1), making task ordering simpler.
+
+
+Hooks
+-----
+
+The `HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT` hook runs before the switch begins.  Use it for:
+
+- Saving state to the new root
+- Unmounting initramfs-only mounts
+- Cleanup tasks
+
+Plugins can register for `HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT` just like other hooks:
+
+```c
+static void my_switch_root_hook(void *arg)
+{
+    /* Cleanup before switch_root */
+}
+
+static plugin_t plugin = {
+    .name = "my-plugin",
+    .hook[HOOK_SWITCH_ROOT] = {
+        .cb = my_switch_root_hook
+    }
+};
+
+PLUGIN_INIT(plugin_init)
+{
+    plugin_register(&plugin);
+}
+```
+
+
+Conditions
+----------
+
+After switch_root, the new finit instance starts fresh.  No conditions
+or state are preserved across the switch.  The new finit will:
+
+1. Re-read `/etc/finit.conf` from the new root
+2. Re-initialize all conditions
+3. Start services according to the new configuration
+
+
+See Also
+--------
+
+- [switch_root(8)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/switch_root.8.html) - util-linux switch_root utility
+- [Kernel initramfs documentation](https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.html)

mkdocs.yml

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ nav:
     - Limitations: config/limitations.md
   - Usage:
     - Commands & Status: initctl.md
+    - Switch Root: switchroot.md
     - Rebooting & Halting: commands.md
     - Command Line Options: cmdline.md
     - Managing Services: service.md

src/Makefile.am

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ finit_SOURCES      = api.c	cgroup.c	cgroup.h	\
 		     exec.c	finit.c		finit.h		\
 		     		stty.c				\
 		     helpers.c	helpers.h			\
+		     initramfs.c				\
 		     iwatch.c   iwatch.h			\
 		     log.c	log.h				\
 		     mdadm.c	mount.c				\

src/api.c

@@ -245,6 +245,46 @@ static void bypass_shutdown(void *unused)
 	do_shutdown(halt);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Handle switch_root API command.
+ * Parses data: "newroot\0newinit\0"
+ * Sends ACK before attempting switch_root since it doesn't return on success.
+ * Returns: result from switch_root() on failure, doesn't return on success.
+ */
+static int do_switch_root_api(int sd, struct init_request *rq)
+{
+	char *newroot, *newinit = NULL;
+	char *ptr;
+	int result;
+
+	dbg("switch-root %s", rq->data);
+	strterm(rq->data, sizeof(rq->data));
+
+	newroot = rq->data;
+	ptr = strchr(newroot, '\0');
+	if (ptr && ptr < rq->data + sizeof(rq->data) - 1) {
+		ptr++;
+		if (*ptr)
+			newinit = ptr;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Send ACK first, since we won't return from
+	 * switch_root() on success.
+	 */
+	rq->cmd = INIT_CMD_ACK;
+	if (write(sd, rq, sizeof(*rq)) != sizeof(*rq))
+		dbg("Failed sending ACK to client");
+	close(sd);
+
+	/* This does not return on success */
+	result = switch_root(newroot, newinit);
+	if (result)
+		logit(LOG_ERR, "switch_root failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+	return result;
+}
+
 static int do_reboot(int cmd, int timeout, char *buf, size_t len)
 {
 	int rc = 1;
@@ -403,6 +443,15 @@ static void api_cb(uev_t *w, void *arg, int events)
 				      rq.cmd, rq.data);
 				goto leave;
 			}
+			break;
+
+		case INIT_CMD_SWITCH_ROOT:
+			if (runlevel != INIT_LEVEL && runlevel != 1) {
+				warnx("switch-root only allowed in runlevel S or 1");
+				goto done;
+			}
+			break;
+
 		default:
 			break;
 		}
@@ -503,6 +552,10 @@ static void api_cb(uev_t *w, void *arg, int events)
 			result = do_reboot(rq.cmd, rq.sleeptime, rq.data, sizeof(rq.data));
 			break;
 
+		case INIT_CMD_SWITCH_ROOT:
+			do_switch_root_api(sd, &rq);
+			goto leave;
+
 		case INIT_CMD_ACK:
 			dbg("Client failed reading ACK");
 			goto leave;

src/cgroup.c

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 #endif
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <sys/sysinfo.h>		/* get_nprocs_conf() */
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <linux/magic.h>
 
 #include "cgroup.h"
 #include "finit.h"
@@ -841,6 +843,7 @@ void cgroup_config(void)
 void cgroup_init(uev_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
 	int opts = MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID;
+	int mounted = 0;
 	char buf[80];
 	FILE *fp;
 	int fd;
@@ -851,14 +854,36 @@ void cgroup_init(uev_ctx_t *ctx)
 #endif
 
 	if (mount("none", FINIT_CGPATH, "cgroup2", opts, NULL)) {
-		if (errno == ENOENT)
+		if (errno == EBUSY) {
+			/*
+			 * Already mounted - this happens after switch_root
+			 * when cgroups were moved from the initramfs.
+			 * Verify it's actually cgroup2 before proceeding.
+			 */
+			struct statfs sfs;
+
+			if (statfs(FINIT_CGPATH, &sfs) || sfs.f_type != CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) {
+				logit(LOG_ERR, "Mount point %s busy but not cgroup2", FINIT_CGPATH);
+				avail = 0;
+				return;
+			}
+			dbg("cgroup2 already mounted at %s, reusing", FINIT_CGPATH);
+		} else if (errno == ENOENT) {
 			logit(LOG_INFO, "Kernel does not support cgroups v2, disabling.");
-		else if (errno == EPERM) /* Probably inside an unprivileged container */
+			avail = 0;
+			return;
+		} else if (errno == EPERM) {
+			/* Probably inside an unprivileged container */
 			logit(LOG_INFO, "Not allowed to mount cgroups v2, disabling.");
-		else
+			avail = 0;
+			return;
+		} else {
 			err(1, "Failed mounting cgroup v2");
-		avail = 0;
-		return;
+			avail = 0;
+			return;
+		}
+	} else {
+		mounted = 1;
 	}
 	avail = 1;
 
@@ -867,7 +892,8 @@ void cgroup_init(uev_ctx_t *ctx)
 	if (!fp) {
 		err(1, "Failed opening %s", FINIT_CGPATH "/cgroup.controllers");
 	abort:
-		umount(FINIT_CGPATH);
+		if (mounted)
+			umount(FINIT_CGPATH);
 		avail = 0;
 		return;
 	}