GH-2891: Include actual values in validation error messages and improve logging

[ArnavBalyan]

Rationale for this change

• User reported hard to debug due to lack of details in the precondition checks.
• Add actual values and more details in the error messages throughout the Types.java validations.
• Closes: Include scale and precision in error message when scale > precision #2891.

Are these changes tested?

• Yes

Are there any user-facing changes?

• Yes

[ArnavBalyan]

cc @wgtmac could this be merged if all looks good thanks!